Artificial Light At Night – a phenomenon that is associated with the period of lighting cities and human settlements with electric light. Although the light of fire, torches, gas and oil lamps could also be considered artificial light, compared to electric light, this artificial light is negligible. With the advent of LED technology, the situation is even more dramatic, because these luminescent sources have a very unfavorable spectrum with respect to the response of biological systems, both plants and animals and humans. They contain part of the radiation in a high-energy strong area, which disrupts the biological component. Often this area is simply called blue light, although this is not an entirely appropriate designation, because the critical wavelengths already extend into the area shorter than 500 nm.
In the Czech Republic, the issue of light pollution has been addressed for more than 20 years, practically since the beginning of the millennium, when LED technology was not yet practically available in outdoor lighting. Even then, there were efforts to reduce artificial light in the night environment and the Czech Republic was a significant player on a global scale, as a section of the Environmental Protection Act was included that allowed for the reduction of light pollution at the level of local ordinances. This section was later removed from the law.
“In 2002, light pollution was introduced into Act No. 86/2002 on air protection, by which the Czech Republic became a frontrunner in the fight against light pollution; however, no implementing decree was issued and light pollution was omitted as part of the amendments to the Act.”
Regardless of legal regulations, human society still does not have effective means for assessing the impact of artificial light in the night environment, nor does it have an effective tool that could objectively determine how much artificial light there actually is in a given location.
Although there are several publicly available databases that attempt to monitor the state of light pollution, these data are of very limited use in practice. They are mostly aerial or satellite records, which do not cover the field of lighting technology in the area of recognized photometric quantities. Devices that evaluate the level of light pollution through the brightness of the night sky are then difficult to use if the indicated values do not correspond in any way to the parameters defined by lighting technology manufacturers and authorities in this field.
Setting limits for limiting artificial radiation in the night environment is conditional on biological research. However, this is not possible without relevant measuring technology. If we are not able to measure the objective amount of light in the night environment, it is not possible to assess the impact on living forms.
For this reason, a project was submitted, the aim of which was to correct these shortcomings and develop a methodology that would allow unifying procedures and setting up a process that would clearly lead to obtaining objective data for further research. The project was supported by the Technology Agency of the Czech Republic under the number SS05010159. The research team builds on many years of experience with the development of its own measuring technology in the field of brightness analysis. Successful mastery of the issue of glare assessment in both indoor and outdoor spaces created a very good basis for further expansion of the instrumentation with a new prototype – a light pollution analyzer, which was called ALANISATOR.
The device is a prototype solution consisting of a precisely calibrated camera as a luminance analyzer, supplemented by a melanopic sensitivity filter for obtaining the spatial distribution of the melanopic radiance. Furthermore, a rotating head system for capturing full-space data, and software control and data processing. The software also includes data export and subsequent transfer to the ALANIS application, which is another output of the project and which also includes these websites.
The methodology also includes determining the natural level of radiation in the night environment, where the authors assume that the main source of light at night is the Moon. Detailed statistics made it possible to obtain a reference value of moonlight and use this as a starting point for assessing the level of artificial light in the night environment using the so-called ALAN score.
Reference
New methodology for measuring and evaluating light pollution on the horizon (in Czech original): https://www.portalsvetlo.cz/clanky/nova-metodika-mereni-a-vyhodnocovani-svetelneho-znecisteni-na-obzoru
Sources
1. PATEL, Pankaj C. Light pollution and insufficient sleep: Evidence from the United States. American Journal of Human Biology
[online]. 2019, 31(6) [cit. 2024-04-03]. ISSN 1042-0533. Dostupné z: doi:10.1002/ajhb.23300
2. JOHNSON, Dayna A., Martha E. BILLINGS a Lauren HALE. Environmental Determinants of Insufficient Sleep and Sleep Disorders: Implications for Population Health. Current Epidemiology Reports [online]. 2018, 5(2), 61–69 [cit. 2024-04-03]. ISSN 2196–2995. Dostupné z: doi:10.1007/s40471-018-0139-y
3. KUMAR, Pravin, Mahendra S. ASHAWAT, Vinay PANDIT a Dinesh K. SHARMA. Artificial Light Pollution at Night: A Risk for Normal Circadian Rhythm and Physiological Functions in Humans. Current Environmental Engineering [online]. 2019, 6(2), 111–125
[cit. 2024-04-03]. ISSN 22127178. Dostupné z: doi:10.2174/2212717806666190619120211
4. TANCREDI, Stefano, Teresa URBANO, Marco VINCETI a Tommaso FILIPPINI. Artificial light at night and risk of mental disorders: A systematic review. Science of The Total Environment [online]. 2022, 833 [cit. 2024-04-03]. ISSN 00489697.
Dostupné z: doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155185
5. ZHANG, Dong, Rena R. JONES, Peter JAMES, Cari M. KITAHARA a Qian XIAO. Associations between artificial light at night and risk for thyroid cancer: A large US cohort study. Cancer [online]. 2021, 127(9), 1448-1458 [cit. 2024-04-03]. ISSN 0008-543X.
Dostupné z: doi:10.1002/cncr.33392
6. XIAO, Qian, Gretchen L. GIERACH, Cici BAUER, William J. BLOT, Peter JAMES a Rena R. JONES. The Association between Outdoor Artificial Light at Night and Breast Cancer Risk in Black and White Women in the Southern Community Cohort Study. Environmental Health Perspectives [online]. 2021, 129(8) [cit. 2024-04-03]. ISSN 0091-6765. Dostupné z: doi:10.1289/EHP9381
7. BENNIE, Jonathan, Thomas W. DAVIES, David CRUSE, Kevin J. GASTON a Nathan SWENSON. Ecological effects of artificial light at night on wild plants. Journal of Ecology [online]. 2016, 104(3), 611–620 [cit. 2024-04-03]. ISSN 0022-0477.
Dostupné z: doi:10.1111/1365–2745.12551
8. BRELSFORD, Craig C. a T. Matthew ROBSON. Blue light advances bud burst in branches of three deciduous tree species under short-day conditions. Trees [online]. 2018, 32(4), 1157–1164 [cit. 2024-04-03]. ISSN 0931-1890. Dostupné z: doi:10.1007/s00468-018-1684-1
9. MACGREGOR, Callum J., Darren M. EVANS, Richard FOX a Michael J. O. POCOCK. The dark side of street lighting: impacts on moths and evidence for the disruption of nocturnal pollen transport. Global Change Biology [online]. 2017, 23(2), 697-707 [cit. 2024-04-03]. ISSN 13541013. Dostupné z: doi:10.1111/gcb.13371
10. BENNIE, Jonathan, Thomas W. DAVIES, David CRUSE, Richard INGER, Kevin J. GASTON a Owen LEWIS. Artificial light at night causes top-down and bottom-up trophic effects on invertebrate populations. Journal of Applied Ecology [online]. 2018, 55(6), 2698-2706 [cit. 2024-04-03]. ISSN 0021-8901. Dostupné z: doi:10.1111/1365-2664.13240
11. KAMROWSKI, RL, C LIMPUS, J MOLONEY a M HAMANN. Coastal light pollution and marine turtles: assessing the magnitude of the problem. Endangered Species Research [online]. 2012, 19(1), 85-98 [cit. 2024-04-03]. ISSN 1863-5407.
Dostupné z: doi:10.3354/esr00462
12. ZHELEVA, Marina. The dark side of light. Light pollution kills leatherback turtle hatchlings. BioDiscovery, 2012, 3: e8930.
13. ROBERT, Kylie A., John A. LESKU, Jesko PARTECKE a Brian CHAMBERS. Artificial light at night desynchronizes strictly seasonal reproduction in a wild mammal. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences [online]. 2015, 282(1816) [cit. 2024-04-03]. ISSN 0962-8452. Dostupné z: doi:10.1098/rspb.2015.1745
14. HOFFMANN, Julia, Rupert PALME a Jana Anja ECCARD. Long-term dim light during nighttime changes activity patterns and space use in experimental small mammal populations. Environmental Pollution [online]. 2018, 238, 844-851 [cit. 2024-04-03].
ISSN 02697491. Dostupné z: doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.107
15. BECKER, Alistair, Alan K. WHITFIELD, Paul D. COWLEY, Johanna JÄRNEGREN, Tor F. NAESJE a Erika CRISPO. Potential effects of artificial light associated with anthropogenic infrastructure on the abundance and foraging behaviour of estuary-associated fishes. Journal of Applied Ecology [online]. 2013, 50(1), 43-50 [cit. 2024-04-03]. ISSN 00218901. Dostupné z: doi:10.1111/1365-2664.12024
16. BRÜNING, Anika, Werner KLOAS, Torsten PREUER a Franz HÖLKER. Influence of artificially induced light pollution on the hormone system of two common fish species, perch and roach, in a rural habitat. Conservation Physiology [online]. 2018, 6(1)
[cit. 2024-04-03]. ISSN 2051–1434. Dostupné z: doi:10.1093/conphys/coy016
17. VAN DOREN, Benjamin M., Kyle G. HORTON, Adriaan M. DOKTER, Holger KLINCK, Susan B. ELBIN a Andrew FARNSWORTH.
High-intensity urban light installation dramatically alters nocturnal bird migration. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences [online]. 2017, 114(42), 11175-11180 [cit. 2024-04-03]. ISSN 0027-8424. Dostupné z: doi:10.1073/pnas.1708574114
18. JONG, Maaike de, Laura van den EERTWEGH, Ronald E. BESKERS, Peter P. de VRIES, Kamiel SPOELSTRA a Marcel E. VISSER. Timing of Avian Breeding in an Urbanised World. Ardea [online]. 2018, 106(1) [cit. 2024-04-03]. ISSN 0373-2266.
Dostupné z: doi:10.5253/arde.v106i1.a4
19. FARNWORTH, Bridgette, John INNES, Joseph R. WAAS a Mathew S. CROWTHER. Converting Predation Cues into Conservation Tools: The Effect of Light on Mouse Foraging Behaviour. PLOS ONE [online]. 2016, 11(1) [cit. 2024-04-03]. ISSN 1932–6203.
Dostupné z: doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0145432
20. SILVA, Arnaud Da, David DIEZ-MÉNDEZ a Bart KEMPENAERS. Effects of experimental night lighting on the daily timing of winter foraging in common European songbirds. Journal of Avian Biology [online]. 2017, 48(6), 862-871 [cit. 2024-04-03]. ISSN 09088857. Dostupné z: doi:10.1111/jav.01232
21. STONE, Emma Louise, Gareth JONES a Stephen HARRIS. Street Lighting Disturbs Commuting Bats. Current Biology [online].
2009, 19(13), 1123-1127 [cit. 2024-04-03]. ISSN 09609822. Dostupné z: doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.05.058
22. KURVERS, R. H. J. M., J. DRÄGESTEIN, F. HÖLKER, A. JECHOW, J. KRAUSE a D. BIERBACH. Artificial Light at Night Affects Emergence from a Refuge and Space Use in Guppies. Scientific Reports [online]. 2018, 8(1) [cit. 2024-04-03]. ISSN 2045-2322.
Dostupné z: doi:10.1038/s41598-018-32466-3
23. VAN GEFFEN, KOERT G., ASTRID T. GROOT, ROY H. A. VAN GRUNSVEN, MAURICE DONNERS, FRANK BERENDSE a ELMAR M. VEENENDAAL. Artificial night lighting disrupts sex pheromone in a noctuid moth. Ecological Entomology [online]. 2015, 40(4), 401–408 [cit. 2024-04-03]. ISSN 03076946. Dostupné z: doi:10.1111/een.12202
24. DELHEY, Kaspar a Anne PETERS. Conservation implications of anthropogenic impacts on visual communication and camouflage. Conservation Biology [online]. 2017, 31(1), 30–39 [cit. 2024-04-03]. ISSN 0888-8892. Dostupné z: doi:10.1111/cobi.12834
25. AGARWAL, Neha, Swati SRIVASTAVA, Shalie MALIK, Sangeeta RANI a Vinod KUMAR, 2015. Altered light conditions during spring: effects on timing of migration and reproduction in migratory redheaded bunting (Emberiza bruniceps) [online]. 29. květen 2015. B.m.: Informa UK Limited. Dostupné z: doi:10.1080/09291016.2015.1046245
26. LE TALLEC, Thomas, Marc THÉRY a Martine PERRET. Melatonin concentrations and timing of seasonal reproduction in male mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus) exposed to light pollution. Journal of Mammalogy [online]. 2016, 97(3), 753-760 [cit. 2024-04-03]. ISSN 0022-2372. Dostupné z: doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyw003
27. GREEN, Richard F., Christian B. LUGINBUHL, Richard J. WAINSCOAT a Dan DURISCOE. The growing threat of light pollution to ground-based observatories. The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review [online]. 2022, 30(1) [cit. 2024-04-03]. ISSN 0935-4956.
Dostupné z: doi:10.1007/s00159-021-00138-3
28. FALCHI, Fabio, Salvador BARÁ, Pierantonio CINZANO, Raul C. LIMA a Martin PAWLEY. A call for scientists to halt the spoiling of the night sky with artificial light and satellites. Nature Astronomy [online]. 2023, 7(3), 237–239 [cit. 2024-04-03]. ISSN 2397-3366.
Dostupné z: doi:10.1038/s41550-022-01864-z
29. SOKANSKÝ, Karel. Světelná technika. Praha: České vysoké učení technické v Praze, 2011. ISBN 978-80-01-04941-9.
30. LUGINBUHL, Christian B., G. Wesley LOCKWOOD, Donald R. DAVIS, Kevin PICK a Jennifer SELDERS. From The Ground Up I: Light Pollution Sources in Flagstaff, Arizona. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific [online]. 2009, 121(876), 185-203
[cit. 2024-04-03]. ISSN 0004-6280. Dostupné z: doi:10.1086/597625
31. JECHOW, Andreas; KYBA, Christopher a HÖLKER, Franz. Beyond All-Sky: Assessing Ecological Light Pollution Using Multi-Spectral Full-Sphere Fisheye Lens Imaging. Online. Journal of Imaging. 2019, roč. 5, č. 4. ISSN 2313-433X.
Dostupné z: https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging5040046. [cit. 2024-04-03].
ALAN – CZ
Artificial Light At Night – fenomén, který se pojí s obdobím osvětlování měst a lidských sídel elektrickým světlem. I když by se za umělé světlo dalo považovat i světlo ohně, loučí, plynových a olejových lamp, proti elektrickému světlu je toto umělé světlo zanedbatelné. S nástupem LED technologie se situace ještě více dramatizuje, neboť tyto luminiscenční zdroje mají velmi nepříznivé spektrum vzhledem k odezvě biologických systémů a to jak rostlin tak živočichů a člověka. Obsahují totiž část záření ve vysoce energeticky silné oblasti, která narušuje biologickou rovnováhu. Často tato oblast bývá nazývána zjednodušeně modré světlo, i když toto není zcela vhodné označení, neboť kritické vlnové délky zasahují již do oblasti kratší než 500 nm.
V České republice se problematika světelného znečištění řeší již déle než 20 let, prakticky od začátku milénia, kdy ještě LED technologie nebyly prakticky ve venkovním osvětlení dostupné. Již tehdy byly snahy umělé světlo v nočním prostředí redukovat a Česká Republika byla významným aktérem v celosvětovém měřítku, neboť do zákona o ochraně životního prostředí se dostala část, která umožňovala omezovat světelné znečištění na úrovni místních vyhlášek. Později byla tato část ze zákona odebrána.
Bez ohledu na zákonné úpravy lidská společnost nemá doposud účinné prostředky pro posouzení vlivu umělého světla v nočním prostředí a zároveň nemá ani účinný nástroj, kterým by bylo možné objektivně určit, kolik umělého světla v daném místě vlastně je.
Přestože existuje několik veřejně dostupných databází, které se snaží o monitorování stavu světelného znečištění, jsou tyto údaje v praxi použitelné jen velmi omezeně. Jedná se většinou o letecké a nebo družicové záznamy, které však nepokrývají obor světelné techniky v oblasti uznávaných fotometrických veličin. Přístroje, které hodnotí míru světelného znečištění prostřednictvím jasu noční oblohy jsou pak ztěží použitelné, pokud indikované hodnoty nijak nekorespondují s parametry, které definují výrobci světelné techniky a autority v tomto oboru.
Nastavení limitů pro omezení umělého záření v nočním prostředí je podmíněno biologickým výzkumem. Ten však není opět možný bez relevantní měřicí techniky. Pokud nejsme schopni změřit objektivní množství světla v nočním prostředí, není ani možné posoudit vliv na živé formy.
Z toho důvodu byl podán projekt, jehož cílem bylo napravit tyto nedostatky a vyvinout metodiku, která by umožnila sjednotit postupy a nastavit proces, který jednoznačně povede k získání objektivních dat pro další výzkum. Projekt byl podpořen Technologickou agenturou České republiky pod číslem SS05010159. Řešitelský tým staví na dlouholetých zkušenostech s vývojem vlastní měřicí techniky v oblasti jasové analýzy. Úspěšné zvládnutí problematiky hodnocení oslnění jak ve vnitřních tak venkovních prostorech vytvořilo velmi dobrý základ pro další rozšíření přístrojového vybavení o nový prototyp – analyzátor světelného znečištění, který byl nazván ALANISATOR.
Přístroj je prototypovým řešením sestávajícím z přesného kalibrovaného fotoaparátu ve funkci jasového analyzátoru doplněného o filtr melanopické citlivosti pro získávání prostorového rozložení melanopické záře. Dále pak o systém rotační hlavy pro snímání celoprostorových dat a dále o softwarové řízení a zpracování dat. Software dále obsahuje export dat a následný přenos do aplikace ALANIS, která je dalším výstupem projektu a jejíž součástí jsou i tyto webové stránky.
Součástí metodiky je také stanovení přirozené úrovně záření v nočním prostředí, kde autoři vycházejí z předpokladu, že hlavním zdrojem světla v noci je Měsíc. Podrobně stanovená statistika umožnila získat referenční hodnotu svitu Měsíce a tuto použít jako výchozí srovnávací hodnotu pro posouzení míry umělého světla v nočním prostředí pomocí tzv. ALAN skóre.
Reference
Nová metodika měření a vyhodnocování světelného znečištění na obzoru: https://www.portalsvetlo.cz/clanky/nova-metodika-mereni-a-vyhodnocovani-svetelneho-znecisteni-na-obzoru
Zdroje
1. PATEL, Pankaj C. Light pollution and insufficient sleep: Evidence from the United States. American Journal of Human Biology
[online]. 2019, 31(6) [cit. 2024-04-03]. ISSN 1042-0533. Dostupné z: doi:10.1002/ajhb.23300
2. JOHNSON, Dayna A., Martha E. BILLINGS a Lauren HALE. Environmental Determinants of Insufficient Sleep and Sleep Disorders: Implications for Population Health. Current Epidemiology Reports [online]. 2018, 5(2), 61–69 [cit. 2024-04-03]. ISSN 2196–2995. Dostupné z: doi:10.1007/s40471-018-0139-y
3. KUMAR, Pravin, Mahendra S. ASHAWAT, Vinay PANDIT a Dinesh K. SHARMA. Artificial Light Pollution at Night: A Risk for Normal Circadian Rhythm and Physiological Functions in Humans. Current Environmental Engineering [online]. 2019, 6(2), 111–125
[cit. 2024-04-03]. ISSN 22127178. Dostupné z: doi:10.2174/2212717806666190619120211
4. TANCREDI, Stefano, Teresa URBANO, Marco VINCETI a Tommaso FILIPPINI. Artificial light at night and risk of mental disorders: A systematic review. Science of The Total Environment [online]. 2022, 833 [cit. 2024-04-03]. ISSN 00489697.
Dostupné z: doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155185
5. ZHANG, Dong, Rena R. JONES, Peter JAMES, Cari M. KITAHARA a Qian XIAO. Associations between artificial light at night and risk for thyroid cancer: A large US cohort study. Cancer [online]. 2021, 127(9), 1448-1458 [cit. 2024-04-03]. ISSN 0008-543X.
Dostupné z: doi:10.1002/cncr.33392
6. XIAO, Qian, Gretchen L. GIERACH, Cici BAUER, William J. BLOT, Peter JAMES a Rena R. JONES. The Association between Outdoor Artificial Light at Night and Breast Cancer Risk in Black and White Women in the Southern Community Cohort Study. Environmental Health Perspectives [online]. 2021, 129(8) [cit. 2024-04-03]. ISSN 0091-6765. Dostupné z: doi:10.1289/EHP9381
7. BENNIE, Jonathan, Thomas W. DAVIES, David CRUSE, Kevin J. GASTON a Nathan SWENSON. Ecological effects of artificial light at night on wild plants. Journal of Ecology [online]. 2016, 104(3), 611–620 [cit. 2024-04-03]. ISSN 0022-0477.
Dostupné z: doi:10.1111/1365–2745.12551
8. BRELSFORD, Craig C. a T. Matthew ROBSON. Blue light advances bud burst in branches of three deciduous tree species under short-day conditions. Trees [online]. 2018, 32(4), 1157–1164 [cit. 2024-04-03]. ISSN 0931-1890. Dostupné z: doi:10.1007/s00468-018-1684-1
9. MACGREGOR, Callum J., Darren M. EVANS, Richard FOX a Michael J. O. POCOCK. The dark side of street lighting: impacts on moths and evidence for the disruption of nocturnal pollen transport. Global Change Biology [online]. 2017, 23(2), 697-707 [cit. 2024-04-03]. ISSN 13541013. Dostupné z: doi:10.1111/gcb.13371
10. BENNIE, Jonathan, Thomas W. DAVIES, David CRUSE, Richard INGER, Kevin J. GASTON a Owen LEWIS. Artificial light at night causes top-down and bottom-up trophic effects on invertebrate populations. Journal of Applied Ecology [online]. 2018, 55(6), 2698-2706 [cit. 2024-04-03]. ISSN 0021-8901. Dostupné z: doi:10.1111/1365-2664.13240
11. KAMROWSKI, RL, C LIMPUS, J MOLONEY a M HAMANN. Coastal light pollution and marine turtles: assessing the magnitude of the problem. Endangered Species Research [online]. 2012, 19(1), 85-98 [cit. 2024-04-03]. ISSN 1863-5407.
Dostupné z: doi:10.3354/esr00462
12. ZHELEVA, Marina. The dark side of light. Light pollution kills leatherback turtle hatchlings. BioDiscovery, 2012, 3: e8930.
13. ROBERT, Kylie A., John A. LESKU, Jesko PARTECKE a Brian CHAMBERS. Artificial light at night desynchronizes strictly seasonal reproduction in a wild mammal. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences [online]. 2015, 282(1816) [cit. 2024-04-03]. ISSN 0962-8452. Dostupné z: doi:10.1098/rspb.2015.1745
14. HOFFMANN, Julia, Rupert PALME a Jana Anja ECCARD. Long-term dim light during nighttime changes activity patterns and space use in experimental small mammal populations. Environmental Pollution [online]. 2018, 238, 844-851 [cit. 2024-04-03].
ISSN 02697491. Dostupné z: doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.107
15. BECKER, Alistair, Alan K. WHITFIELD, Paul D. COWLEY, Johanna JÄRNEGREN, Tor F. NAESJE a Erika CRISPO. Potential effects of artificial light associated with anthropogenic infrastructure on the abundance and foraging behaviour of estuary-associated fishes. Journal of Applied Ecology [online]. 2013, 50(1), 43-50 [cit. 2024-04-03]. ISSN 00218901. Dostupné z: doi:10.1111/1365-2664.12024
16. BRÜNING, Anika, Werner KLOAS, Torsten PREUER a Franz HÖLKER. Influence of artificially induced light pollution on the hormone system of two common fish species, perch and roach, in a rural habitat. Conservation Physiology [online]. 2018, 6(1)
[cit. 2024-04-03]. ISSN 2051–1434. Dostupné z: doi:10.1093/conphys/coy016
17. VAN DOREN, Benjamin M., Kyle G. HORTON, Adriaan M. DOKTER, Holger KLINCK, Susan B. ELBIN a Andrew FARNSWORTH.
High-intensity urban light installation dramatically alters nocturnal bird migration. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences [online]. 2017, 114(42), 11175-11180 [cit. 2024-04-03]. ISSN 0027-8424. Dostupné z: doi:10.1073/pnas.1708574114
18. JONG, Maaike de, Laura van den EERTWEGH, Ronald E. BESKERS, Peter P. de VRIES, Kamiel SPOELSTRA a Marcel E. VISSER. Timing of Avian Breeding in an Urbanised World. Ardea [online]. 2018, 106(1) [cit. 2024-04-03]. ISSN 0373-2266.
Dostupné z: doi:10.5253/arde.v106i1.a4
19. FARNWORTH, Bridgette, John INNES, Joseph R. WAAS a Mathew S. CROWTHER. Converting Predation Cues into Conservation Tools: The Effect of Light on Mouse Foraging Behaviour. PLOS ONE [online]. 2016, 11(1) [cit. 2024-04-03]. ISSN 1932–6203.
Dostupné z: doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0145432
20. SILVA, Arnaud Da, David DIEZ-MÉNDEZ a Bart KEMPENAERS. Effects of experimental night lighting on the daily timing of winter foraging in common European songbirds. Journal of Avian Biology [online]. 2017, 48(6), 862-871 [cit. 2024-04-03]. ISSN 09088857. Dostupné z: doi:10.1111/jav.01232
21. STONE, Emma Louise, Gareth JONES a Stephen HARRIS. Street Lighting Disturbs Commuting Bats. Current Biology [online].
2009, 19(13), 1123-1127 [cit. 2024-04-03]. ISSN 09609822. Dostupné z: doi:10.1016/j.cub.2009.05.058
22. KURVERS, R. H. J. M., J. DRÄGESTEIN, F. HÖLKER, A. JECHOW, J. KRAUSE a D. BIERBACH. Artificial Light at Night Affects Emergence from a Refuge and Space Use in Guppies. Scientific Reports [online]. 2018, 8(1) [cit. 2024-04-03]. ISSN 2045-2322.
Dostupné z: doi:10.1038/s41598-018-32466-3
23. VAN GEFFEN, KOERT G., ASTRID T. GROOT, ROY H. A. VAN GRUNSVEN, MAURICE DONNERS, FRANK BERENDSE a ELMAR M. VEENENDAAL. Artificial night lighting disrupts sex pheromone in a noctuid moth. Ecological Entomology [online]. 2015, 40(4), 401–408 [cit. 2024-04-03]. ISSN 03076946. Dostupné z: doi:10.1111/een.12202
24. DELHEY, Kaspar a Anne PETERS. Conservation implications of anthropogenic impacts on visual communication and camouflage. Conservation Biology [online]. 2017, 31(1), 30–39 [cit. 2024-04-03]. ISSN 0888-8892. Dostupné z: doi:10.1111/cobi.12834
25. AGARWAL, Neha, Swati SRIVASTAVA, Shalie MALIK, Sangeeta RANI a Vinod KUMAR, 2015. Altered light conditions during spring: effects on timing of migration and reproduction in migratory redheaded bunting (Emberiza bruniceps) [online]. 29. květen 2015. B.m.: Informa UK Limited. Dostupné z: doi:10.1080/09291016.2015.1046245
26. LE TALLEC, Thomas, Marc THÉRY a Martine PERRET. Melatonin concentrations and timing of seasonal reproduction in male mouse lemurs (Microcebus murinus) exposed to light pollution. Journal of Mammalogy [online]. 2016, 97(3), 753-760 [cit. 2024-04-03]. ISSN 0022-2372. Dostupné z: doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyw003
27. GREEN, Richard F., Christian B. LUGINBUHL, Richard J. WAINSCOAT a Dan DURISCOE. The growing threat of light pollution to ground-based observatories. The Astronomy and Astrophysics Review [online]. 2022, 30(1) [cit. 2024-04-03]. ISSN 0935-4956.
Dostupné z: doi:10.1007/s00159-021-00138-3
28. FALCHI, Fabio, Salvador BARÁ, Pierantonio CINZANO, Raul C. LIMA a Martin PAWLEY. A call for scientists to halt the spoiling of the night sky with artificial light and satellites. Nature Astronomy [online]. 2023, 7(3), 237–239 [cit. 2024-04-03]. ISSN 2397-3366.
Dostupné z: doi:10.1038/s41550-022-01864-z
29. SOKANSKÝ, Karel. Světelná technika. Praha: České vysoké učení technické v Praze, 2011. ISBN 978-80-01-04941-9.
30. LUGINBUHL, Christian B., G. Wesley LOCKWOOD, Donald R. DAVIS, Kevin PICK a Jennifer SELDERS. From The Ground Up I: Light Pollution Sources in Flagstaff, Arizona. Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific [online]. 2009, 121(876), 185-203
[cit. 2024-04-03]. ISSN 0004-6280. Dostupné z: doi:10.1086/597625
31. JECHOW, Andreas; KYBA, Christopher a HÖLKER, Franz. Beyond All-Sky: Assessing Ecological Light Pollution Using Multi-Spectral Full-Sphere Fisheye Lens Imaging. Online. Journal of Imaging. 2019, roč. 5, č. 4. ISSN 2313-433X.
Dostupné z: https://doi.org/10.3390/jimaging5040046. [cit. 2024-04-03].